在互联网高速发展的今天,电子商务已经成为全球商业格局中的重要组成部分。而亚马逊作为全球最大的电子商务平台,其市场扩张的脚步从未停止。亚马逊为什么会选择不断扩张市场呢?本文将从以下几个方面进行分析。
一、市场潜力巨大
1. 全球电商市场概况
根据eMarketer的数据显示,2019年全球电商市场规模达到了3.53万亿美元,预计到2023年将达到5.8万亿美元。这意味着,电商市场还有巨大的增长空间。
2. 中国电商市场
中国作为全球最大的电商市场,近年来增长迅速。根据中国电子商务研究中心的数据,2019年中国电商市场规模达到了10.6万亿元,预计到2023年将达到20万亿元。如此庞大的市场,对亚马逊来说具有巨大的吸引力。
二、竞争对手的压力
1. 阿里巴巴和京东的崛起
在亚马逊进入中国市场之前,阿里巴巴和京东已经占据了国内电商市场的大部分份额。为了应对竞争对手的压力,亚马逊不得不加快市场扩张的步伐。
2. 拼多多等新兴电商平台的挑战
近年来,拼多多等新兴电商平台迅速崛起,对传统电商巨头构成了挑战。为了保持竞争优势,亚马逊需要不断扩张市场,拓展新的业务领域。
三、拓展新的业务领域
1. 云计算业务
亚马逊的云计算业务——AWS(Amazon Web Services)已经成为全球最大的云服务提供商。为了进一步拓展云计算市场,亚马逊在全球范围内建立了多个数据中心,为全球客户提供云服务。
2. 智能硬件业务
近年来,亚马逊积极布局智能硬件领域,推出了Echo、Kindle等系列产品。通过这些智能硬件产品,亚马逊可以更好地触达用户,为用户提供更加便捷的服务。
四、提升品牌影响力
1. 全球化布局
亚马逊在全球范围内建立了多个海外市场,如英国、德国、日本等。通过全球化布局,亚马逊可以提升品牌影响力,吸引更多消费者。
2. 社会责任
亚马逊在发展过程中,始终关注社会责任。例如,亚马逊在环保、公益等方面投入了大量资源,提升了品牌形象。
五、数据驱动
1. 用户数据分析
亚马逊通过大数据分析,了解用户需求,为用户提供更加个性化的服务。这有助于提高用户满意度,降低流失率。
2. 市场数据分析
亚马逊通过对市场数据的分析,发现新的市场机会,从而实现市场扩张。
总结
亚马逊之所以会选择不断扩张市场,主要是基于以下原因:
1. 市场潜力巨大
2. 竞争对手的压力
3. 拓展新的业务领域
4. 提升品牌影响力
5. 数据驱动
在未来的发展中,亚马逊将继续保持市场扩张的势头,为全球消费者提供更加优质的服务。以下是亚马逊市场扩张的一些关键数据:
| 数据类别 | 数据内容 |
|---|---|
| 全球电商市场规模 | 3.53万亿美元(2019年) |
| 中国电商市场规模 | 10.6万亿元(2019年) |
| 亚马逊云计算市场份额 | 33%(2019年) |
| 亚马逊海外市场销售额 | 280亿美元(2019年) |
亚马逊的市场扩张策略是其成功的关键因素之一。在未来,我们有理由相信,亚马逊将继续引领全球电商市场的发展。
亚马逊市值高且具备显著优势,主要体现在以下几个方面:
一、云业务全球领先
亚马逊AWS是全球公共云市场的领导者,年营收超230亿美元,占据全球40%的市场份额。其服务种类超过140种,拥有数百万活跃用户,且持续在全球扩张,包括进入巴林、中国香港、意大利和南非等市场。AWS还通过长期合同锁定大型企业客户,并披露“履约义务”收入(如去年第三季度达178亿美元),显示其未来收入潜力巨大。此外,AWS正争取美国国防部百亿美元级合同,进一步巩固其行业地位。
二、电商业务统治力强
亚马逊核心业务仍是电商,去年占美国电商销售总额近半数,约90%营收来自零售。其第三方市场交易额占美国在线销售总额的31.3%,且增速显著(2018年较2017年增长31.3%)。尽管目前仅占美国整体零售总额的5%,但亚马逊通过投资印度等新兴市场、收购全食超市拓展实体店销售,仍具备广阔增长空间。
三、多元化成长动力
亚马逊在广告、健康、金融和娱乐等领域布局深远。广告业务第三季度增长122%,突破25亿美元;收购在线药店PillPack后,健康领域成为重点;金融方面,开发类似支票账户的产品,并提供多种金融工具;娱乐领域,亚马逊工作室签约妮可·基德曼等明星,制作原创内容供会员观看。此外,智能语音助手Alexa通过整合微软Cortana提升用户体验,虽不直接盈利,但可促进商品购买,间接创造收入。
四、管理团队稳定高效
亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝索斯组建了一支忠诚且稳定的高管团队,核心成员任职多年甚至数十年,团队规模约20人。这种稳定性是亚马逊文化的重要组成部分,贝索斯曾公开强调“不喜欢频繁调整团队”,这种管理风格为长期战略执行提供了保障。
五、争议较少,品牌声誉稳健
尽管亚马逊曾面临特朗普攻击或总部选址争议等问题,但整体争议较少,品牌声誉相对稳健。其业务模式以用户为中心,持续创新,且较少陷入重大公关危机,有助于维持市场信心。
9月4日,亚马逊市值飙升突破一万亿美元,带动2018年股票上涨75%,成为继美国苹果公司之后,第二家市值超过一万亿美元的公司。
亚马逊成立于1995年,从在网络上经营图书业务起家。一家在网上卖书的公司,经过23年的洗礼,依然成长稳健,遍布全球,如今更成为不可小觑的电商力量,可谓是业界传奇。
亚马逊最初选择了图书品类,覆盖20多万种图书,利用长尾效应,形成非常扎实的竞争力。超级畅销书带给销售平台的利润非常可观,一本超级畅销书可以经久不衰,成本降低。
这种爆款、流行的图书满足了大部分人的需求,也是销售的主要部分。但在统计学中,除了主要部分,还有一条“长长的尾巴”,包括了满足个性化的、垂直、小众需求的销量,这部分累积起来,也是非常可观的。
亚马逊在全球经济低迷、网络泡沫破灭的时期,依然保持强劲的盈利能力,从2002年起,在度过了前期积累的阶段之后,亚马逊开始真正的大规模成长,并保持至今。
亚马逊在2004年全资收购了卓越网,进驻境内,促进了中国电子商务的快速发展,也成为消费者喜爱的图书网站之一。如今,亚马逊的图书销量在境内依然占有一席之地。
如今,亚马逊覆盖了多品类,并保持着自己的文化品位。有投资者称,一万亿美元的市值远不是亚马逊的上限,未来大有可期。
认知升级,活出自己,欢迎关注瑶知天问(微信公众号:loves-knows)。
It has upended industries and changed the way the world shops. But it should beware of abusing its power
亚马逊颠覆了传统产业,甚至改变了世界的消费方式。但现在应该谨防它滥用其主导地位。
WHEN Jeff Bezos left his job in finance and moved to Seattle 20 years ago to start a new firm, he rented a house with a garage, as that was where the likes of Apple and HP had been born. Although he started selling books, he called the firm Amazon because a giant river reflected the scale of his ambitions. This week the world's leading e-commerce company unveiled its first smartphone, which Amazon treats less as a communication device than an ingenious shopping platform and a way of gathering data about people in order to make even more accurate product recommendations.
20年前,当杰夫·贝佐斯从金融行业辞职来到西雅图时,他租了一套带有车库的房子,在此之前,像苹果和惠普等巨头都是从类似这样的车库里诞生的。虽然杰夫是以卖书起家的,但他却给公司起名为亚马逊,以这条流域最广的河流命名,充分的彰显了其野心。本周,这家全球领先的电子商务公司,推出了其首款智能手机,但在亚马逊看来,其主要目的并不是这款通讯设备,而是开创一个独特的购物平台,以及创建一个用户数据收集平台,以便更好的了解客户需求,并推出相应的产品。
The smartphone is typical of Amazon. There is the remorseless expansion: if you can deliver books and washing machines, why not a phone? There is the ability to switch between the real world of atoms and the digital world of bits: Amazon has one of the world's most impressive physical distribution systems, even as it has branched out into cloud computing, e-books, video streaming and music downloads(see article). There is the drive for market share over immediate profits. And there is the slightly creepy feeling that Amazon knows too much about its users already. So far its insatiable appetite has helped consumers; but as it grows in size and power the danger is that it will go too far.
这款智能手机极具亚马逊的特色。它始终在坚持不懈的扩张其业务:如果你能配送书和洗衣机,那为什么不能配送手机呢?它有着在现实世界和数字空间之间交替跳跃的能力。亚马逊拥有世界上最令人钦佩的物流系统,同时还扩展到云计算,电子书,视频流媒体和音乐下载等(见文章)。相比较于眼前利益,亚马逊更趋向于市场占有额的获龋不得不说的是,人们认为,亚马逊对用户的了解过于详细,甚至有些让人毛骨悚然。迄今为止,它对数据的需求,虽有些贪得无厌,但还是对客户有帮助。但是随着亚马逊的规模不断扩大,能力的不断提升,该公司可能会走的过远,以至于无法回头。
Customers who bought this item also bought…
购买过此商品的人还购买过…
For the moment, admiration should count for more than fear. Many things the world now takes for granted were introduced by Mr Bezos. Typing your credit-card number into a web browser was once considered a sign of insanity until Amazon showed how easy and safe buying things online could be. Once people had bought a book, they tried other things. Today the global e-commerce market is worth$1.5 trillion.
就目前而言,人们对亚马逊尊敬大于恐惧。如今许多人们认为理所当然的事,都是出自贝佐斯先生之手。在浏览器中输入信用卡号码曾被认为是一种很疯狂的行为,知道亚马逊证实了网上购物的便利性和安全性。一旦人们成功购买了一本书,他们就会想要买更多的东西。如今,全球电子商务市场份额已达到1.5万亿美元。
Amazon also fostered the emergence of customer reviews. From the start it let buyers rate and review books. This still irks some professional critics, and some of the most fulsome five-star ratings may be from spouses of authors. But overall they provide valuable advice to buyers. Today everything from apps to hotels to hoses can be rated online, and retail websites seem incomplete without customer reviews.
除此之外,亚马逊还催生出了用户点评模式。从创立之初,亚马逊便允许买家对图书进行评分及评论。这仍然为一些专业评书人所不齿,而且一些过度赞美的五星评价也很可能出至作者的亲属。但总的而言,这种方式确实可以给买家提供一些有价值的建议。如今,从应用到酒店都可以在网上接受用户评价,甚至没有用户评价的网页会给人感觉少了些什么。
Then there are the industries it has upended. Books came first. Amazon has changed publishing twice—first by making any book in the world quickly available and then by making e-books mainstream. Before Amazon launched the Kindle in 2007, e-readers were fiddly gadgets that few people used. The Kindle was easy to use, worked anywhere and allowed instant delivery straight to the device(rather than via a PC). Amazon also pioneered a new model for cloud computing. In 2006 it began renting out computer capacity by the hour. The option to rent rather than buy computing power greatly reduced the cost and complexity of launching a new company. Amazon's cloud services have since been used by startups including Netflix, Instagram, Pinterest, Spotify and Airbnb, and have spawned a whole new industry.
此外,亚马逊还颠覆了许多行业,其中图书首当其冲。亚马逊已经改变了两次出版行业。一次是通过网络书店方便人们购书,第二次则是通过电子书方便人们随时阅读。在2007,亚马逊推出Kindle之前,电子书只是一种小众设备。因为Kindle非常易用,可以随时随地使用,而且可以在不借助PC的情况下,能够立即将图书下载到设备中。亚马逊还推出了一种全新的云计算方法。在2006年便开始按照时间出租计算资源。这种以租代购的方式大大降低了公司的创业成本及复杂度。亚马逊的云端服务还被广泛的应用于像Netflix,Instagram,Pinterest, Spotify和Airbnb这样的新创公司,甚至还催生出了一些全新的产业。
Apple may be better known as an innovator, but Amazon may have had just as big an impact on the workings of the digital world. And it keeps on experimenting. Unconstrained by a self-image as a company that does a particular thing, Amazon has dabbled in areas from internet search to robotics to film and television development.
作为创新者,苹果显然更为人知,但在数字空间的运作上,亚马逊好像有更巨大的影响。而且它还在不断探索。但亚马逊并不是局限在单一的业务上,在不断尝试中,亚马逊从互联网搜索发展到机器人,从电影到电视制作。
Indeed, if your glasses are particularly rose-tinted, Amazon seems to have put the“long term” back into Anglo-Saxon capitalism. At a time when Wall Street is obsessed by quarterly results and share buy-backs, Amazon has made it clear to shareholders that, given a choice between making a profit and investing in new areas, it will always choose the latter. While other technology giants sit on record piles of cash, Amazon still has plenty of ideas about where to invest and innovate. And investors seem happy with it: Amazon's price-to-earnings ratio has exceeded 3,500 at times. It aligns top executives' interests with those of shareholders by paying them largely in stock: its highest salary is$175,000 a year.
事实上,如果你足够乐观,亚马逊似乎在把“长期视角”重新带回盎格鲁萨克逊资本主义。在当今,普遍看重于季度业绩和股票回购的华尔街,亚马逊却向股东明确表示:每当面临短期利润和投资机会二选其一的命题时,它总会选择后者。在其他科技巨头在大量累积现金的时候,亚马逊仍在努力投资创新。投资者似乎也乐见于此:亚马逊的市盈率已经超过3500倍。通过用股票作为对股东的支付手段,将高管利益与股东利益捆绑在一起:高管的最高年薪是17.5万美元。
Giant selection, tiny tax bill
巨大的选择,微小的税收方案
The problem is that many of these virtues come with accompanying vices. Amazon stands accused of unfair competition—of being a lousy employer, dodging tax and bullying its rivals. Amazon says median pay in its American warehouses is 30% higher than in large retail stores. On tax, the picture is a little more nuanced. The main reason its tax bill is so low is that it does not make profits, but Amazon has also been extremely aggressive in(legally) booking profits to low-tax countries. Having campaigned against sales taxes for online transactions for many years, it has lately changed its tune, and now collects sales taxes in a growing number of American states.
问题在于,在这许多的优点之中依然伴随着许多缺点。亚马逊被指责不公平竞争,用工环境不佳,避税和欺凌对手。亚马逊对此表示,其在美国仓库的薪水中值比大型零售商还要高出30%。在税收上,可能有一些很微妙的情况。亚马逊的税收之所以很低,是因为其利润并不高,但不可否认的是,亚马逊也在积极地采取合法方式将利润转移至税率低的国家。在反对了那么多年的网上交易税后,亚马逊最近却改变了态度,开始在美国的越来越多的州代收营业税。
As for bullying competitors, most of this is just the savage magic of capitalism. Amazon has crushed local bookshops but only in the same way that Tesco and Walmart crushed grocers—by providing a cheaper, easier way to shop. However antitrust regulators must ensure it is not abusing its market power, on a case-by-case basis. For instance, Amazon's current dispute with Hachette, a large publisher, may largely be a standard tussle between retailer and supplier. But when the dominant seller of e-books removes pre-order buttons and makes delivery times longer for Hachette books, that hardly squares with Mr Bezos's professed emphasis on customer service.
至于欺凌弱小的竞争对手,大部分的只是资本主义的野蛮魔法。亚马逊像乐购和沃尔玛摧毁杂货商们一样,用提供更便宜,更方便的购物方式来摧毁当地的书店。然而在这个案子的基础上,反垄断监管机制必须确保它不会滥用其市场支配力。例如,亚马逊目前与大型出版商,阿歇特的竞争,很大程度上可能是一个零售商和供应商之间的争斗。但当主要的电子书销售商删除预订按钮时,将会使阿歇特的图书交货时间延长。这很难符合贝佐斯先生所强调的重视客户服务。
Perhaps the biggest concern about Amazon is, paradoxically, a consequence of its long-term vision. It is hard to compete with a company whose shareholders do not expect it to make a profit. Its vast scale and willingness to operate at zero or negative margins represent high barriers to entry for potential competitors. This cannot go on for ever. The concern is that Amazon is merely waiting for rivals to go out of business before raising its prices. If that happens, regulators should jump on it hard. That would provide an opportunity for another firm—China's Alibaba, say—and some investors might rue the Amazon earnings that never came. But consumers would once again win, as indeed they generally have done as Mr Bezos's scrappy startup has expanded its reach into so many aspects of everyday life
或许,在众多矛盾之中,亚马逊最令人担忧的还是其长期远景。要与一个连股东都不想赚钱的公司竞争,难度是可想而知的。它庞大的规模和不惜亏本的经营态度,给潜在的竞争对手设立了一道不小的门槛。但这种情况不会一直持续下去,人们担心的仅仅是在等待一个个竞争对手逐一退出市场后,再抬高价格。如果出现这种情况,监管部门该强势介入。但这样便会给其他公司,诸如中国的阿里巴巴,提供机会。而一些投资者可能会因为盈利遥遥无期而抛弃亚马逊。但消费者将再次获益,而在贝佐斯的这家生机勃勃的创业公司逐步渗透到我们生活的方方面面时,这已经成为常态。